1.Authors    
2.Abstract      
3.Epidemiology  
4.Classification 
5.Natural History
6.Complications  
7.Evaluation   
8.Treatment     
9. Table 1     
10.Figures       
11.References
12.Quiz       

    Home   

 

References

  1. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Recontr Surg 1982;69:412-20.
  2. Pratt AG. Birthmarks in infants. Arch Dermatol 1967;67:302-5.
  3. Jacobs AH, Walton RG. The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. Pediatrics 1976;58:218-222.
  4. Holmdahl, K: Cutaneous hemangiomas in premature and mature infants. Acta Paediatrica 1955;44:370.
  5. Jacobs, AH. Strawberry hemangiomas: The natural history of the untreated lesion. 
    California Medicine 1957;86:8.
  6. Bowers RE, Graham EA, Tomlinson KM. The natural history of the strawberry nevus. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:667-680.
  7. Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Frieden IJ. Hemangiomas in children. N Engl J Med 1999;341:173-81.
  8. Mulliken JB. Diagnosis and natural history of hemangiomas. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, eds. Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988:41.
  9. Frieden IJ, Eichenfield LF, Esterly NB, Geronemus R, Mallory SB. Guidelines of care for hemangiomas of infancy. J Amer Acad Dermatol 1997;37:631-7.
  10. Sarkar M, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HPW, Robertson RL, Burrows PE. Thrombocytopenic coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon) is associated with Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and not with common infantile hemangioma. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;100:1377-86.
  11. Burton BK, Schulz CJ, Angle B, Burd LI. An increased incidence of hemangiomas in infants born following chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Prenat Diagn 1995;15:209-14.
  12. Margileth AM, Museles M. Cutaneous hemangiomas in children: Diagnosis and conservative management. JAMA 1965;194:523.
  13. Blei F, Walter J, Orlow SJ, Marchuk DA. Familial segregation of hemangiomas and vascular malformations as an autosomal dominant trait. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:718-22.
  14. Esterly NB, Margileth AM, Kahn G, et al. Special symposia: The management of disseminated eruptive hamangiomata in infants. Pediatr Derm 1984;1:312-7.
  15. Ronan SG, Solomon LM. Benign neonatal eruptive hemangiomatosis in identical twins. Pediatr Derm 1984;1:318-324.
  16. Golitz LE, Rudikoff J, O’Meara OP. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. Pediatr Derm 1986;3:145-52.
  17. Keller L, Bluhm JF. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis: a case with heart failure and thrombocytopenia. Cutis 1979;23:295-7.
  18. Stern JK, Wolf JE, Jarratt M. Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4: 442-5.
  19. Dyall-Smith D, Cowen P. Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:336-8.
  20. Holden KR, Alexander F. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. Pediatrics 1970;46:411-21.
  21. Held JL, Haber RS, Silvers DN, Grossman ME. Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis: review and description of a patient with unusually persistent lesions. Pediatr Derm 1990;7:63-6.
  22. Stillman AE, Hansen RC, Hallinan V, Strobel C. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatisis with severe gastrointestinal involvement. Favorable response to steroid therapy. Clin Pediatrics 1983;22:589-91.
  23. Boon LM, Enjolras O, Mulliken JB. Congenial hemangioma: evidence of accelerated involution. J Pediatr 1996;128:329-35.
  24. Hidano A, Nakajima S. Earliest features of the strawberry mark in the newborn. Br J Dermatol 1972;87:138-44.
  25. Liang MG, Frieden IJ. Perineal and lip ulcerations as the presenting manifestation of hemangioma of infancy. Pediatrics 1997;99:256-9.
  26. Lister WA. The natural history of strawberry naevi. Lancet 1938;1:1429-34.
  27. Wallace, HJ. The conservative treatment of hemangiomatous nevi. Brit J Plast Surg 1953;6:78.
  28. Simpson JR. Natural history of cavernous haemangiomata. Lancet 1959;2:1057.
  29. Finn MC, Glowacki J, Mulliken JB: Congenital vascular lesions: Clinical application of a new classification. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18:894-900.
  30. Amir J, Metzker A, Krikler R, Reisner SH. Strawberry hemangioma in preterm infants. Pediatr Dermatol 1986;3:331-2.
  31. Mulliken JB. Treatment of hemangiomas. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, eds. Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988:77.
  32. Tanner JL, Dechert MP, Frieden IJ. Growing up with facial hemangioma: Parent and child coping and adaptation. Pediatrics 1998;101:446-52.
  33. Harrison AM. The emotional impact of a vascular birthmark. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, eds. Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988:454.
  34. Morelli JG. Use of lasers in pediatric dermatology. Pediatric Derm 1998;16:489-95.
  35. Orlow SK, Isakoff MS, Blei F. Increased risk of symptomatic hemangiomas of the airway in association with cutaneous hemangiomas in a "beard" distribution. J Pediatr 1997;131:643-6.
  36. Albright AL, Gartner JC, Weiner ES. Lumbar cutaneous hemangiomas as indicators of tethered spinal cords. Pediatrics 1989;83:977-80.
  37. Humphreys RP. Clinical evaluation of cutaneous lesions of the back: spinal signatures that do not go away. Clinical Neurosurgery 1996;43:175-87.
  38. Goldberg NS, Hebert AA, Esterly NB. Sacral hemangiomas and multiple congenital anomalies. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:684-7.
  39. Vin-Christian K, McCalmont TH, Frieden IJ. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. An aggressive, locally invasive vascular tumor that can mimic hemangioma of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1573-8.
  40. Beaubien ER, Ball NJ, Storwick GS. Kaposiform hemangioendotheloma: A locally aggressive vascular tumor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;38:799-802.
  41. Enjolras O, Mulliken JB, Wassef M, et al. Residual lesions after Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon in 41 patients. J Amer Acad Dermatol 2000;42:225-35.
  42. Burrows PE, Laor T, Paltiel H, Robertson RL. Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of vascular birthmarks. Dermatol Clin 1998;16:455-88.
  43. Kaplan PA, Williams SM. Mucocutaneous and peripheral soft-tissue hemangiomas: MR imaging. Radiology 1987;163:163-6.
  44. Greenspan A, McGahan JP, Vogelsang Philip Szabo RM. Imaging strategies in the evaluation of soft-tissue hemangiomas of the extremities: correlation of the findings of plain radiography, angiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasonogrophy in 12 histologically proven cases. Skeletal Radiol 1992;21:11-8.
  45. Chang E, Boyd A, Nelson CC, et al. Successful treatment of infantile hemangiomas with interferon-alfa-2b. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997;19:237-44.
  46. Frieden IJ, Reese V, Cohen D. PHACE Syndrome. The association of posterior fossa brain malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects, and eye abnormalities. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:307-11.
  47. North PE, Waner M, Mizeracki A, Mihm MC Jr. GLUT1: a newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas. Human Path 2000;31:11-22.
  48. Avery JK. Exercise best judgement to avoid suits. J Arkansas Med Soc 2000;96:440-1.
  49. Magnus DJ. Continuous compression treatment of hemangiomata: Evaluation in two cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1972;49:490-493.
  50. Miller S, Smith R, Shochat S. Compression treatment of hemangiomas. Plast Reconstr Surg 1976;58:573-579.
  51. More AM. Pressure in the treatment of giant hemangioma with purpura. Case report and observations. Plast Reconsrtr Surg 1964;34:606.
  52. Kaplan M, Paller AS. Clinical pearl: use of self-adhesive, compressive wraps in the treatment of limb hemangiomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:117-8.
  53. Oranje AP, edWaard-van der Spek FB, Devillers AC, de Latt PC, Madern GC. Treatment and pain relief of ulcerative hemangiomas with polyurethane film. Dermatology 2000;200:31-4.
  54. Elsas FJ, Lewis AR. Topical treatment of periocular capillary hemangioma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1994;31:153-6.
  55. Haik BG, Kaarcioglu ZA, Gordon RA, Pechous BP. Capillary hemangoma (infantile periocular hemangioma). Surv Ophthalmol 1994;38:399-426.
  56. Sutula FC, Glover AT. Eyelid necrosis following intralesional corticosteroid injection for capillary hemangioma. Ophthal Surg 18:103-5.
  57. Kushner BJ. Hemangiomas in children. N Engl J Med 1999;341:2018.
  58. Kushner BJ. Intralesional corticosteroid injection for infantile adnexal hemangioma. Amer J Ophthal 1982;93:496-506.
  59. Shorr N, Seiff SR. Central retinal artery occlusion associated with periocular corticosteroid injection for juvenile hemangioma. Ophthal Surg 1986;17:229 –31.
  60. Vazquez-Botet R, Reyes BA, Vazquez-Botet M. Sclerodermiform linear atrophy after the use of intralesional steroids for periorbital hemangiomas: A review of complications. J Ped Ophthal Strabismus 1989;26:124-7.
  61. Reyes BA, Vazquez-Botet M, Capo H. Intralesional steroids in cutaneous hemangioma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:828-32.
  62. Sarihan H, Mocan H, Yildiz K, Abes M, Akyazici R. A new treatment with bleomycin for complicated cutaneous hemangioma in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1997;7:158-162.
  63. Fost CF, Esterly NB. Successful treatment of juvenile hemangiomas with prednisone. J Pediatrics 1968;72:351-7.
  64. Boon LM, MacDonald DM, Mulliken JB. Complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy for problem hemangioma. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;104:1616-23.
  65. Blei F, Orlow SJ, Geronemus RG. Interferon alfa-2a therapy for extensive perianal and lower extremity hemangioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:98-9
  66. Stratte EG, Tope WD. Multimodal management of diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:1020-1.
  67. Bender CM, Monti EJ, Kerr ME. Potential mechanisms of interferon neurotoxicity. Cancer Pract 1996;4:35-9.
  68. Valentine AD, Meyers CA, Talpaz M. Treatment of neurotoxic side effects of interferon-alfa with naltrexone. Cancer Invest 1995;13:561-6
  69. Morelli JG, Tan OT, Weston WL: Treatment of ulcerated hemangiomas with the pulsed tunable dye laser. Am J Dis Child 1991;145:1062.
  70. Morelli JG, Tan OT, Yohn Jj, et al: Treatment of ulcerated hemangiomas in infancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:1104.
  71. Barlow RJ, Walker NP, Markey AC. Treatment of proliferaive haemangiomas with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:700-4.
  72. Ashinoff R, Geronemus RG. Capillary hemangiomas and treatment with the flash lamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:202-5.
  73. Ashinoff R, Geronemus RG. Failure of the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser to prevent progression of deep hemangiomas. Pediatric Dermatol 1993;10:77-80.
  74. Burstein FD, Simms C, Cohen SR, Williams JK, Paschal M. Intralesional laser therapy of extensive hemangiomas in 100 consecutive patients. Ann Plast Surg 2000;44:188-94.
  75. Achauer BM, Chang CJ, VanderKam VM, Boyko A. Intralesional photocoagulation of periorbital hemangiomas. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:11-6.
  76. Sie KC, McGill T, Healy GB. Subglottic hemangioma: ten years’ experience with the carbon dioxide laser. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994;103167-72.
  77. Reischle S, Schuller-Petrovic S. Treatment of capillary hemangiomas of early childhood with a new menthod of cryosurgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:809-813.
  78. Pitanguy I, Machado BH, Radwanski HN, Amorim NF. Surgical treatment of hemangiomas of the nose. Ann Plast Surg 1996;36:586-92.
  79. Deans RM, Harris GJ, Kivilin JD. Surgical dissection of capillary hemangiomas: an alternative to intralesional corticosteroids. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:143-7.
  80. Li FP, Cassady JR, Barnett E. Cancer mortality following irradiation in infancy for hemangioma. Radiology 1974;113:177-8.
  81. Rotman M, John M, Stowe S, Inamdar S. Radiation treatment of pediatric hepatic hemangiomatosis and coexisting cardiac failure. N Engl J Med 1980;302:852.
  82. Argenta LC, Bishop E, Cho, KJ, Andrews AF, Coran AG. Complete resolution of life-threatening hemangioma by embolization and corticosteroids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;70:739-744.
  83. Evans J, Batchelor AD, Stark G and Uttley WS. Haemangioma with coagulopathy: sustained response to prednisone. Arch Dis Child 1975;50:809-12.
  84. Al-Rashid RA. Cyclophosphamide and radiation therapy in the treatment of hemangioendothelioma with disseminated intravascular clotting. Cancer 1971;27:364-8.
  85. Perez-Payrols J, Pardo-Masferrer J, Gomez-Bellvert C. Treatment of life-threatening infantile hemangiomas with vincristine (letter). N Engl J Med 1995;333:69.
  86. deProst Y, Teillac D, Bodemer C , Enjolras O, Nihoul-Fekete C, deProst D. Successful treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with pentoxifylline. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:854-5.
  87. Bell AJ, Chisholm M, Hickton M. Reversal of coagulophathy in Kasabach-Merritt syndrome wih tranexamic acid. Scand J Haematol 1986;37:248-252.
  88. Hanna BD, Bernstein M. Tranexamic acid in the treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in infants. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1989;11:191-195.
  89. Mulliken JB. Pathogenesis of hemangiomas. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, eds.  Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1988:63.

    90.